The Use Of Time In Poetry: Milton, Shakespeare, Wordsworth :: essays research papers

Throughout the Elizabethan and Romantic era, time and nature are themes that are ever-present in the great poetry of the period. Although the poets presented this idea in different ways, it was clear that time and nature were major influences on each man’s writing and that each of them were, in a sense, extremely frustrated by the concept of time. It appeared to me that each poet, in some form, felt empty and unaccomplished, and they all consider as true that time is not on their side. In Shakespeare’s Sonnet LXXIII, the poet is an older man comparing his life to such things as night and day, the four seasons, and as a fire in a fire. Shakespeare uses these images to show us just how quickly time passes. I found his representation of life as the cycle of day and night particularly insightful. â€Å"In me thou see’st the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west, Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To Shakespeare, dawn is the birth of a child, mid-day is a child’s youth, and twilight, his current stage, is the stage of life when death is approaching, although it has not yet arrived. The sun has set, and the sky is a beautiful color, but the black night, death, will take that all away. He knows he is past his prime and now he just awaits death. It is easy to see that Shakespeare is quite frustrated because he knows that death is coming, but he doesn’t know when it is coming. The comparison of the cycle of day and night to the cycle of life made me realize how hurried life is and how you should appreciate and make the most of the time you have. The phrase â€Å"death’s second self† is especially strong as he is saying that every time you go to sleep, it is like a small death. Every time you go to sleep, you lose another day. Shakespeare resolves this problem with a couplet that screams love me now while I am still here because when I am gone you will regret not loving me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time is also a main theme in Milton’s â€Å"How Soon Hath Time†. Milton, however, is concerned because he feels that he has nothing to show for his life and he is scared that death is approaching him. He personifies time, calling it â€Å"the subtle thief of youth†. At the age of 23, he can’t believe how time is just

Regulatory and Accreditation

Quantitative Research Article Critique Sandra M. Smith NUR/518 February, 26, 2012 Veta Massey Quantitative Research Article Critique Kalisch, B. J. , & Lee, K. (2011). Nurse Staffing Levels and Teamwork: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patient Care Units in Acute Care Hospitals. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(1), 82-88. Introduction The purpose of this study is to explore the current research data and use of the Nurse Teamwork Survey to see if nurse staffing levels predicts teamwork. The importance of teamwork is to achieve a higher level of patient safety, quality of care, job satisfaction, and decrease turnover.A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with a 2,545 nursing staff on 52 units delivering patient care, in four different hospitals among the Mid- West. The relevance of the study is to show that there is an association between quality, safe care, and teamwork which also requires safe staffing (Kalisch & Lee, 2011) The title of the article suggests the main variables an d the population in the study. The abstract concisely and clearly summarize the main problem, method, and results of the study. The problem identified is a lack of understanding between the relationship of workload, teamwork, and level of staffing.Literature review The literature review is up- to -date and focused mostly on primary sources. Dates of the literature review range from 1994- 2009. Only one review studied was over 10 years and six were in the past five years. The review provides a range of comparisons between teamwork and job satisfaction, mortality rate, interpersonal skills, and quality of care. What is known is that a higher level of teamwork in the intensive care units was found to be related to a decrease in mortality rates (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). Also, a decrease in vacancy rates, and staff turnover was associated with higher level of teamwork.Brewer (2006) showed that† improved teamwork found a significant decrease in patient falls. † The literature rev iew provides a solid base for this study. What is unknown is the relationship between workload, staffing levels, and teamwork. Framework The study illustrates a â€Å"conceptual framework which postulates that staffing levels predict teamwork when there is control of the acuity( CMI) of the patients on the units, the size of the hospital and the nurse staffing levels( nurse staffing included RN’s, LPN’s, NA’s, and unit secretaries)† (Kalisch & Lee, 2009, p. 3). There is a conceptual map, which identifies the variables and relationship that is simple and understandable. The framework was based on the outcome of the literature review and the effects that staffing levels had on teamwork. The framework does identify the relationships between teamwork and staffing levels to patient outcomes. â€Å"The framework relates to the body of nursing knowledge in that patient safety and patient perception of care delivered in held in high esteem for nurses† (Kal isch & Lee, 2011, p. 83).The conceptual framework identified the meaning of teamwork by using the Salas, Sims, and Burke (2005) study that identified five important elements of teamwork (trust, team orientation, back up, shared mental model, and team leadership). Using this conceptual framework its basic foundation, the Nursing Teamwork Survey (NTS) was developed and tested to be used for the psychometric elements. This testing resulted in identifying five different elements of the nursing team that was descriptive. The research questions proposed where asfollows: â€Å"By controlling the CMI and size of the hospital, does the level of staffing predict nursing teamwork?By controlling hospital size and CMI, does the level of staffing predict subscales of teamwork (trust, team orientation, back up shared mental model, and team leadership)† (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 83)? The aim of the research questions was appropriate to the study on that they identified the relationship betwee n teamwork and staffing levels. Method The study (Kalisch & Lee, 2011) used a descriptive, cross-sectional design and an appropriate sample was used. â€Å"The setting was four hospitals within the Midwest of the United. Sampling characteristics were 60% over the age of 35.The majority of the sample were female (89%) and RN’s (70%), and the majority (74%) had at least 2 years experience† (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 83). The sample group was identified and described and sufficient in size and character. The size of the hospitals were between 300 -900 beds. All units were eligible for inclusion. A total of 52 beds was the study sample. The sampling staff made up 2,545 respondents. 1,741 were RN’s, 41 were LPN’s, 502 were NA’s, and 191 were unit secretaries. The sample groups were appropriately identified as pertinent to the study question.The NTS was used in this study and was intended to measure nursing teamwork in the inpatient care setting. The Bartl ett test was used to indicate the correlation matrix that showed it not to be an identity matrix. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measured the sample adequacy. In this study it was determined to be excellent at (0. 961). Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the team work model of five factors fit the data well. A comparative fit index model was 0. 884 with a root mean square error of approximation to be 0. 055. The test and retest reliability was good at 0. 92.The consistency of the survey showed to be 0. 94 with co-efficient ranging from 0. 74-0. 85. The results of these tests showed a similarity in responses of staff members on the same unit (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). The NTS used was a questionnaire. It contains 33 questions with a Likert-type scaling system. This survey was generated by the literature review and from focus groups with staff members. The staff members are dependent variables within the study, although the hospital size and CMI of the patients are independent variable s. The survey was given to the staff with a time limit for responding.The response was anonymous. Staffing data was also obtained by each hospitals database. The nurse staffing indicators included hours per patient day (HPPD), RN hours per patient day (RN HPPD), and skill mix (RN’s LPN’s, and NA’s providing direct patient care). The acuity of the patients was also a factor. The study did ensure comparable data among the four sites. This was done by using the raw data that was provided by the participating hospitals. The appropriate statistical methods were used in this study and the research questions were also addressed with the groups surveyed. Data collectionThe study was conducted over a four- week period where data was collected from each facility. The data collection phase included two separate study phases. The first phase was the administration of the survey to the units and the collection of raw staffing data from the hospitals. The NTS was put in an en velope with a letter of explanation about the study. Incentive was given to each participate by the addition of a candy bar. The participation was made known to be voluntary. The subjects were to place the completed survey in a locked box provided on each unit. A pizza incentive was given for units who achieved a 50% return.This incentive was appropriate because the staff had to take time out of their work day to do the study. The second phase, which collected the raw data of HPPD, RN HPPD, CMI, and skill mix were obtained from each unit prior to the NTS being administered (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). The collected data was appropriate to the study questions. Statistical data analysis Data analysis was obtained by the use of the Statistical Package for Social Science version 16. 0. The unit analysis is identified as the patient care unit. The mean score for teamwork level obtained from the NTS was collected and combined to a unit level team score.Statistical analysis was done to address e ach question in the study. Appropriate methods were used to analyze the data obtained. â€Å"Preliminary analysis involved using frequency, descriptive, and correlation methods that associated with the research question. Correlation analysis was effectively used to address the relationships between hospital bed size, staffing levels, and teamwork† (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 85). Regression analysis was done to identify the correlation of staffing levels as it compares to the five subscales of teamwork.One analysis identified HPPD as the high level of predictability of teamwork on the unit. The analysis showed that the higher the skill mixes on a floor and higher HPPD, the greater the predictability of teamwork. The findings of the study are adequately summarized by the use of multiple tables. The findings are reported in a manner that would support evidence-base practice. Discussion The major findings of the relationship between staffing levels and teamwork were interpreted and discussed. This study does demonstrate that there is a relationship between HPPD and nursing teamwork.It was also reported that the higher the skill mix the greater level of teamwork. Researcher notes that â€Å"the use of actual nurse staffing data adds substantial credibility and confidence to the previous findings† (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 86). The interpretations of the study appear to uniformly flow with the results. The study does discuss the limitations of the study on that the sample was in only four Mid-Western hospitals. According to Kalisch and Lee (2011, p. 87), â€Å"team work is more difficult to achieve in larger hospitals. † The sample does not provide for generalizability of the findings.The study recommends further direct observation studies to measure actual teamwork. Implications The study does discuss the implications of the findings. The results suggest that ensuring adequate staffing is important but also increasing the efficiency of the deliver y of care by using staff more effectively. Summary Despite some identified limitations such as generalizability, the study findings appear to have validity and show confidence in the truthfulness of the results. The study does contribute to meaningful results and evidence applicable in nursing practice and hospital policies regarding staffing.Further study suggested would be to observe larger inner city hospitals with greater levels of skill mix for longer duration of time. References Brewer, B. B. (2006). Relationships among teams, culture, safety, and cost outcomes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 28(6), 641-653 Kalisch, B. J. , & Lee, K. (2011). Nurse Staffing Levels and Teamwork: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patient Care Units in Acute Care Hospitals. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(1), 82-88. Salas, E. , Sims, D. E. , & Burke, C. S. (2005). Is there a ‘big five† in teamwork? Small Group Research, 36(5), 555-599.

My Career As A Career Autobiography - 1865 Words

A career autobiography has to probably be one of the most interesting and thoughtful essays I’ve had to write so far. I am seventeen years old and am attending my first semester in college. I look forward to getting good grades, opening my mind to new things, and eventually graduating college. However, I have absolutely no idea what I want to be doing in the future. My indecisiveness is at such a high level that I probably change my future career every other day. At this point in life, my family, advisors, and professors are telling me that I don’t need to know what I want to be doing for a living, in the future, yet, I feel that I should know. I don’t want to be wasting my time and taking unnecessary classes. The thoughts about my â€Å"future career† leave me to be extremely indecisive and nervous, at times. I just hope, like people have told me, that â€Å"It comes to me. In regards to my interests and skills, I prefer math and science over reading and history, but it is not because I do poorly in the subjects. I enjoy solving problems and learning about the human body and all the fascinating things it can perform, voluntarily and involuntarily. I am a studious individual and received high grades throughout my educational career, which I hope continues on in college. Striving to do the best is something vital in wanting to accomplish something in life. Being that I am a first generation child, one from parents who are immigrants from Montenegro, Europe, I have some skills whichShow MoreRelatedThe Stages of Career Development Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stages of Career Development The Cambridge Online dictionary defines career development as the process of learning and improving your skills so that you can perform your job better and progress to better jobs (Cambridge, 2011). 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